The Naked And The Dead

Norman Mailer

55 pages 1-hour read

Norman Mailer

The Naked And The Dead

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1948

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Part 3, Chapter 7-Part 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section includes discussion of graphic violence, death, gender discrimination, and racism.

Part 3: “Plant and Phantom”

Part 3, Chapter 7 Summary

The remainder of the platoon makes their bivouac for the night. Roth is embarrassed that he is weaker than the other men. He is ashamed that, when Croft told them to fire earlier that day, he ducked behind the ridge and hid. He tries to thank Red for standing up for him about the bird and becomes upset, embarrassing both of them. Red doesn’t want Roth to grow attached to him. Red has morose thoughts and reflects that all of them will die in vain.


Hearn is restless. He doesn’t want to call off the patrol and fail before Cummings, but he thinks turning back is the right thing to do. He talks to Croft, who suggests climbing the mountain, then suggests sending a scout ahead. Croft sends out Martinez but tells Martinez to report to him—Croft— about what he finds.


Martinez approaches the mountain pass where they were fired upon, and in a grove sees the remains of a Japanese encampment. Nervously, he walks through the pass. He comes to a tiny valley with a wood all across it and approaches cautiously. As he moves through the grove, he hears men sleeping and realizes he is in the enemy camp. There is a man manning a machine gun that he has to move past to return to the mountain pass. He kills the man with his knife and shudders at the blood on his hands. He returns to the platoon and tells Croft what he saw. Croft tells him not to tell the lieutenant.

Part 3, Chapter 8 Summary

Hearn wakes up feeling rested and vigorous. Croft tells Hearn the pass is empty and the Japanese must have retreated. Croft, again, suggests climbing the mountain, but Hearn says it will be too difficult. Hearn leads the platoon through the pass and is shot in the chest by a machine gun and killed. Croft leads the men in retreat. The others hope to end the mission and return, but Croft orders them to climb the mountain.


The Time Machine section, titled “Gimme a Gimmick and I’ll Move the World” (608) looks at the past of Casimir “Polack” Czienwicz. He is raised in poverty with his brothers and older sister, Mary. He causes trouble at school and once steals money from a man passed out in an alley. When he is truant too often from school, his mother sends him to an orphanage where he falls in with a gang of boys run by Lefty Rizzo and learns how to steal. All the boys lie for Lefty even when the nuns punish them. When he is 18, Polack starts working with Lefty in his protection racket, picking up money. He visits his mother and learns that Mary intends to become a nun. When he gets his draft letter, he thinks about paying a man to prick his eardrum so he will be declared unfit, but decides against it.

Part 3, Chapter 9 Summary

The litter bearers carrying Wilson suffer in the heat. It is a wearisome and fatiguing effort, and Wilson complains every time he is jostled. At one point he tells the men to leave him, but Brown refuses. Wilson begs for water, but Goldstein says they cannot give water to a man with a stomach wound.


Wilson becomes delirious with pain, and the others are nearly delirious with the effort of carrying him. Stanley and Brown struggle the most, and Goldstein suggests they rest and catch up with him and Ridges when they can.

Part 3, Chapter 10 Summary

Croft feels confident about their direction, reading the terrain as the men begin their climb. He feels driven. Wyman and Roth are both exhausted. Wyman tries leaving his blanket to lighten his pack, but Croft orders him to carry it. Wyman realizes he isn’t the hero type, knowledge that would have crushed him before. Martinez is haunted by the memory of killing the Japanese soldier. Croft tells him the Lieutenant decided to move on anyway, and Martinez is confused by his choice. The men argue amongst themselves, and Croft forces them on. He feels the mountain goading him.


Ridges and Goldstein continue to struggle with Wilson. He talks about a woman he lived with in Kansas and says he might go back to her after the war, instead of his wife. He asks again for water, and Ridges refuses. They stagger forward until it is night, then stop to sleep.

Part 3, Chapter 11 Summary

General Cummings is away for the day, and Major Dalleson is left in charge of the campaign. He receives a report that a scout patrol found a Japanese camp in the rear of the Toyaku deserted. Dalleson struggles to decide what to do. He gives orders for a platoon to move up to the Japanese bivouac, then arranges to move around other troops. He feels like he is juggling too many decisions and isn’t sure what to do.


He remembers there is supposed to be a Japanese supply depot nearby and gives orders for men to attack. He makes a few blunders but gets news that the supply depot was taken. Some hours later, he learns that General Toyaku was killed in the advance. Cummings returns with ships to find the campaign is more or less over. He invades Botoi Bay anyway and gives that as the reason for victory.

Part 3, Chapter 12 Summary

While Major Dalleson is giving orders, the platoon is climbing Mount Anaka. They are bruised and tired, but their fear of Croft is greater than their exhaustion. Roth is so weary he feels himself breaking down. On the side of the mountain, they are forced to navigate a ledge that grows increasingly narrow, and then there is a gap about four feet wide. One by one the men jump across until only Roth is left. He is terrified, and Gallagher shouts at him. Roth jumps and misses. As he falls, “he heard himself bellow with anger, and was amazed that he could make so great a noise. Through his numbness, through his disbelief, he had a thought before he crashed into the rocks far below. He wanted to live” (666).


That morning, Goldstein and Ridges set out again bearing Wilson. They are quickly tired yet push on. Wilson screams for water. Ridges supposes it can’t hurt him worse and gives Wilson water from his canteen. The two men continue, so weary that they can think of nothing but moving forward.


When they realize Wilson is dying, Ridges urges him to repent of his sins. Wilson dies, and the men continue to stumble forward. When they come to the river and try to cross it, the current carries Wilson’s body away. They try to follow but cannot retrieve him. Ridges and Goldstein stumble out of the jungle and collapse on the beach.

Part 3, Chapter 13 Summary

After Roth falls, for a while the men are too horrified to move. They descend from the ledge into a valley and the men refuse to follow Croft further. He decides to camp there for the night.


Gallagher, who has the last guard duty, watches the sun rise. He realizes Mary is dead and wonders about his child, whom he is convinced is a boy. He feels guilty that he killed Roth. He talks to Martinez, who also had difficulty sleeping; he keeps seeing the face of the Japanese man he killed. He still has the gold teeth from the corpse he found and wonders if he should get rid of them.


Martinez asks Croft if they can turn back, but Croft is astonished to be challenged. He wonders what they are supposed to do once they descend the mountain. He thinks that the Army has finally beaten him. He opens the last of his rations and throws away the food. Red challenges Martinez on his claim that Hearn walked into the pass knowing there were Japanese camped there. When Croft wants to move out, Red confronts him and says they’re not going. Croft threatens to shoot Red if he doesn’t move. Red concedes, feeling beaten and humiliated that he has finally become a man who takes orders. Croft feels there are no more obstacles.


They continue hiking and come to what looks like a huge amphitheater with a crude stairway. The rocks are slippery, there are thorns, and they are weary and tormented. Even Croft feels that the mountain is resisting them but drives onward. At the top of the stair, Croft steps into a hornet’s nest, and hornets attack the men. They retreat down the stairway, and the men feel completely defeated. Croft decides they can turn back. They can hear artillery firing.


After an uneventful march they reach the beach and rejoin the survivors. Croft feels he has finally found a limit on his hunger.

Part 3, Chapter 14 Summary

The boat picks up the recon platoon. At first the men are too exhausted to do more than sleep. They have been dulled by the treadmill of misery and feel no hope or anticipation. One by one, they try to imagine what comes next for them.


The pilot tells them the campaign is over save for the mopping up. They realize that they may be free of combat for a few months and their fatigue turns into ebullience. They sing together. The concluding Chorus shows each of the men thinking what he’ll do when he gets out of the Army.

Part 4 Summary: “Wake”

The mopping up includes capturing the last of the Japanese soldiers and executing them. Cummings discovers that the Japanese had been on half rations for weeks and were starving; a supply station had been destroyed weeks earlier. Cummings is astonished that he didn’t know the Japanese had little food, few medical supplies, and dwindling ammunition. He wishes that he, and not Dalleson, had orchestrated the final push, and is shaken by the knowledge that anything could have beaten the Japanese at this point. He is shaken too by Hearn’s death but reminds himself, “In the end the important thing was always to tot up your profit and loss” (717).


He decides the official version will be that the campaign was won by the invasion of Botoi Bay. He determines that the next move will be the Philippines and reflects how hard it is to mold the men. He wonders if he will receive another star before the war’s end.


The mopping up is routine killing the Japanese like ants in the men’s bedding. Major Dalleson sits in his new headquarters tent and considers the training program he will begin the next day. He looks forward to it.

Part 3, Chapter 7-Part 4 Analysis

This section of the book covers the climax of both plotlines, the mission of the recon patrol and the overarching campaign to take control of the island of Anopopei. The book ends with an anticlimactic resolution, or rather lack of satisfying resolution, for both plot lines. Along with these central conflicts of the book, several personal and interpersonal conflicts among the men come to their end, playing out the novel’s central questions about The Dehumanizing Impacts of Violence.


Hearn’s death is the first anticlimax, confirming the fears of the men that the men’s individual deaths will mean little in the grand scheme of the war or existence in general. Hearn’s death provides a moment of dramatic irony, as the reader knows that Croft is keeping information about the Japanese presence from him, but his death has no meaning either for the patrol or for the war overall—he is simply the casualty of Croft’s wish for dominance. The men lament his death only in that it signifies how quickly their own lives might be ended. Croft’s killing of the injured bird symbolizes his willingness to inflict violence on others, with his behavior reflecting how violence is dehumanizing and largely pointless on both a small and large scale.


Wilson’s suffering, in contrast, is much more protracted, and his drawn-out, remorseful reflections show him reckoning with the end of his life, but in the same ironic vein. Wilson’s supposed repentance, prompted by the devout Ridges, lacks a sense of genuine belief that might give his passing a sense of dignity or peace. His death, along with the loss of his body in the river, is likewise an undignified end. In the same way, Roth’s abrupt death through his physical weakness, when he fails to make the leap, is another inglorious end. The final, baffling news that their patrol as a whole made no difference to the war effort and contributed nothing to the final success of the campaign leaves the men wondering what the extreme physical and mental challenge, along with the loss of life, was for.


General Cummings’s indifference to the injuries and deaths invokes The Performance of Masculinity and Dominance. General Cummings’s ability to see things only in terms of profit or loss is a further irony and insult to these men who have risked—and in some cases lost—their lives. General Cummings’s selfishness is further reinforced by the fact that the mission was largely motivated by the General’s desire to put distance between himself and Hearn. The cold-bloodedness of the General’s calculus provides a counterpoint to the small connections the men make and have been making throughout, as they confide in and occasionally draw support from one another.


Red’s storyline in particular illustrates this need for companionship and moral support, as camaraderie provides an alternative to the ethos of domination that men like the General live by. He begins the section feeling chagrined that Roth wants to confide in him and embarrassed by the man’s show of emotion. He reaches a climactic moment of his own when he challenges Croft about moving forward, but decides it isn’t worth his life to defy Croft. While he feels this is a humiliating defeat in the moment, Red, on the boat, wonders if he has in fact reached a level of humility that makes him realize the human need for companionship and allies. Such reflections represent a rejection of domination and reserved masculinity in favor of a more open-hearted way of living and interacting with others.


The whimper with which the campaign ends is the final anticlimax. For all his intense strategizing and grand philosophizing, Cummings learns that Dalleson has collapsed the Toyaku Line on little more than a push begun by the accidental discovery of an evacuated bivouac. He learns only after the fact that the Japanese, due to the American blockade of the island, were running low on food, medical supplies, and ammunition. In the end the victory is accidental, even ignoble as the soldiers treat the Japanese as pests to be exterminated. This casual dismissal of life stands in ironic contrast to Martinez’s harrowing confrontation with the Japanese soldier he kills, whose death haunts him. The novel’s ending, with its focus on Major Dalleson wondering whether he can requisition pictures of women to use in training exercise, reduces the grand strategy of war to little more than farce, much like the scene of Croft and the men of recon being defeated in their mission by hornets. Throughout, Mailer undercuts any notions of valor in war by showing the daily gritty, uncomfortable reality of it.

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