Autumn: A Novel

Ali Smith

Autumn: A Novel

Ali Smith
54 pages1-hour read
Fiction
Novel
Adult
Published in 2016

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Symbols & Motifs

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of racism and gender discrimination.

Pauline Boty’s Art

The work of the forgotten 1960s pop artist Pauline Boty is a recurring motif that is a vivid counter-history to the bleakness of post-Brexit Britain. For Elisabeth, Boty’s art becomes a model of how to use creativity as a form of joyful resistance and a means of reclaiming erased female narratives, like that of Christine Keeler. While Elisabeth’s male tutor dismisses Boty as a “minor interest,” Elisabeth sees in her work a powerful vision that defies easy categorization and patriarchal dismissal. This dynamic positions Boty’s legacy as a prime example of Art as a Subversive Record, one that champions marginalized perspectives over official, male-dominated histories. The art also is an important bridge across time, connecting Daniel’s past to Elisabeth’s present and becoming a repository for their shared understanding of the world. This function reinforces the symbolic meaning of the artwork, allowing Boty’s vision to serve as a template for hope and resistance in a hopeless world. Elisabeth’s interpretation of Boty’s work reveals its lasting power; she views the artist as a “free spirit [who] arrives on earth equipped with the skill and the vision capable of blasting the tragic stuff that happens to us all into space” (239). In this way, Boty’s art is a living force in the present action of the novel, offering a template for finding wit, sensuality, and resilience in a world determined to crush them.

Fences

The high-security fence that abruptly appears on the common land is a powerful and unambiguous symbol of The Alienation Caused by Political Division. This structure, with its razor wire and surveillance cameras, transforms a shared public space into a private, exclusionary territory, physically manifesting the social fractures of post-Brexit Britain. The fence represents the new, hostile borders being drawn between neighbors and communities. The novel explicitly connects the literal barrier to the national mood, stating, “All across the country, the country was divided, a fence here, a wall there, a line drawn here, a line crossed there” (61). The fence is more than just a backdrop; it functions as an antagonistic force in the narrative. Elisabeth is confronted by a guard for simply walking near it, and her mother is arrested after throwing a barometer at it in a moment of political frustration. This act of protest, using an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure, symbolically attacks the oppressive political atmosphere that the fence represents. The fence thus is a monument to a new era of suspicion, control, and the death of communal trust, embodying the novel’s critique of a society turning against itself.

Passports and Photographs

Elisabeth’s repeated and absurd struggles to renew her passport form a motif that critiques the bureaucratic nature of identity and citizenship in a state obsessed with control. The increasingly bizarre reasons why her photographs are rejected, first because her head is the “INCORRECT SIZE” and later because her eyes are too small, highlight a system where arbitrary rules have become more important than the individual they’re meant to identify. These scenes satirize the logic of a government that, in the wake of the Brexit vote, is tightening its grip on who belongs and who does not. The passport, ostensibly a document of freedom and movement, becomes a symbol of constraint and frustration. Elisabeth’s prolonged ordeal at the Post Office, a once-familiar community hub, transforms it into a site of alienation and nonsensical power dynamics. The conflict between Elisabeth and the Post Office effectively becomes about the right to be recognized as oneself without being forced to conform to an impossible, inhuman standard. This motif powerfully illustrates the dehumanizing effects of a political climate where suspicion and regulation override common sense and human connection, reflecting a key aspect of The Alienation Caused by Political Division.

Trees and Leaves

The motif of trees and leaves is central to the novel’s exploration of The Fluidity of Time and Memory. As the book’s title suggests, the season of autumn, with its falling leaves, provides the dominant symbolic landscape. This imagery represents the cyclical nature of life, where every conclusion contains the seed of a new beginning. Daniel’s vivid dreams of being inside a tree trunk or his imagined transformation into a tree to escape violence suggest a deep merging with this natural, timeless cycle. He finds comfort and continuity in the life of trees, which stands in contrast to the chaotic, linear progression of human political history. His dreamlike song, in which he asks to be burned with a tree and have his ashes spread “for luck, where you want next year’s crops to grow” (102), perfectly encapsulates this theme of regeneration through decay. The constant presence of leaves, whether they’re falling, rotting, or providing cover, is a reminder that personal and political turmoil are temporary phases within a much larger, lasting natural order. This motif provides a philosophical anchor, suggesting that even in the worst times, the world remains in a constant, hopeful state of renewal.

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